Collapse of the northern Crusader watch tower at the end of the city wall, the tower was almost whole at the early 20thcentury, in recent years it totally collapsed. On the shallow sea bottom opposite the remains of the tower (to the north) there are polygonal columns (2 m long) with perforation at their upper end. They are arranged in a row. They served as a burrier to prevent invasion of hostile troops to the castle via the shallow sea
Galili, E., & Ronen, A. (2019). The external fortifications of ‘Atlit Castle, the only unconquered crusader stronghold in the Holy Land. Journal of Medieval Military History, 17, 21-60.
Collapse of the northern Crusader watch tower at the end of the city wall, the tower was almost whole at the early 20thcentury, in recent years it totally collapsed. On the shallow sea bottom opposite the remains of the tower (to the north) there are polygonal columns (2 m long) with perforation at their upper end. They are arranged in a row. They served as a burrier to prevent invasion of hostile troops to the castle via the shallow sea
A) Danger of erosion (mechanical, chemical and biological) to a site covered by a sand on the sea bottom, and temporarily exposed when the waves and currents remove the protective layer of sand (at water depth of up to 10m)